Ethical Issues in Business: Accounting and Environmentalism

Ethical Issues in Business: Accounting and Environmentalism Cassandra Swinden Part A: This section is to outline the importance of social accounting and social reporting and to define this with an in depth explanation; in terms of within a business society. The use of the company Apple as a case study and further references, will allow a detailed analysis of these terms, to give a deeper understanding to the reader. Social accounting and reporting is a huge factor in measuring companies’ performances, however there is no single agreed definition. Therefore we could ask what actually is social accounting and reporting, if there is no official identity to the terms. Social accounting and reporting is a way of evaluating a business’s performance only on numerical figures. It takes into account other Stakeholder groups rather than just Shareholders, as it highlights the importance of a business responsibility to differing issues. Issues include; environmental, local and national involvement (charity). This statement can be supported by many sources including; D. Crowther (2000) as he defines social accounting in this sense as an approach to reporting a firm’s activities which stresses the need for the identification of socially relevant behaviour, the determination of those to whom the company is accountable for its social performance and the development of appropriate measures and reporting techniques. [1] Another definition to identify the term â€Å"social accounting† comes from O,Dwyer (2006). However he defines the term from the perspective of an accountant stating â€Å"social accounting scholars are a group of individuals with ‘commitment to stakeholder accountability and democracy’†.[2] However this is not always be case, as social accounts may be biased for different reasons. Accountant’s desire for work fees could lead them to saying things which aren’t completely true, which can cause huge legitimacy problems. Secondly soc ial accounting can also be recognised as a contributing factor of many social conflicts and disputes. This links to Apple as looking at the report â€Å"Apples un-kept promises†; we can see that legitimacy problem have arisen, from the claims made in their progress report. Apple claims: â€Å"We don’t tolerate underage labour. Our code requires our suppliers to provide special treatment to juvenile workers.†[3] However the China labour watch disclosed in their report ‘Apples un-kept promises’; that within 2 factories they found many underage workers and employment right were minimal or even non-existent. However social accounting may seem a positive driver for pleasing numerous Stakeholders, nevertheless it still has its disadvantages as a performance measure. Stuart Cooper (2004) â€Å"Social and environmental accounting is flawed as it does not address the problem of the capitalist system†. This suggests that as long as money is the main objective in companies, they will never be legitimate with its social accounting objectives. Apple are a company which seem to adopt a capitalist culture, due to evidence discovering the length of working hours and the wage workers receive. â€Å"Working hours are too long, with 7-day weeks, shifts exceeding 12 hours and 80 hours of overtime a month not uncommon. It appears that falsified attendance records help disguise the real figures†. [4] Further from this the pay rate is at only ‘$1.20 per hour’. Looking at Grey, Owen, Adams theory of social responsibility stances we can see that Apple clearly adopts an expedients approach, as they only proposed changes in 2012 (the progress report), to rebuild their tattered reputation. The report â€Å"un-kept promises† published by the China Labour Watch, showed how all promises mentioned in the progress report, to better employment rights and increase interests with different Stakeholder groups, were shattered, as independent enquiries were made to show that workers were receiving less than adequate treatment, for example no action was made to better environmental issues. To conclude social accounting is an important measure for all businesses. However its importance differs in different ways, as some businesses only accepts social responsibility as long as it benefits them. However some companies genuinely put the importance of social responsibility, before profits and reputation, these companies usually take a deep ecologist view to responsibility and include companies such as Greenpeace. Overall social responsibility is mainly adopted for self-benefits, and this is where the term â€Å"Green wash† has emerged. Part B: This part of the essay outlines what is meant by the term ‘ethical issues’, giving an understanding of the two theories ethical relativism and ethical absolutism. The report is also to highlight the importance of ethics within companies, and give justification for its importance. Furthermore the use of Apple articles and further references will allow an assessment to be made, and assumptions on Apples performance to these matters will be highlighted. The use of different viewpoints from varying Stakeholders will make the reports analysis more solid, as this will allow advantages and disadvantages to be seen in differing scenarios, rather than just seeing the benefits/negatives of main Shareholders. Ethical issues are mainly defined through two different theories; either relativism or absolutism. Ethical absolutism is a theory where something is only right or wrong, it does not consider any other situations or scenarios. On the other hand Ethical relativism this theory were nothing is categorically right or wrong, as it is mainly relies on the circumstances of an individual, culture, beliefs or emotions. Therefore there is more tolerance on positive or negative actions that may be seen as immoral due to the moral absolutism theory. Looking at Apples Progress Report for 2012 outlines, how Apple have managed ethical matters to suite many Stakeholders involved within the company, demonstrating strong cooperate responsibility. Many statements are made within report; differing amongst Stakeholder groups, however the quote â€Å"We require that our suppliers provide safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and use environmentally responsible manufacturing processes wherever Apple products are made.† [5] This statement evidently indicates the importance of the employee, pressure groups and environmentalists to the Apple brand; this analytically shows good responsibility to these stakeholders welfare. However contrasting this other sources have indicated that Apple has not complied with many of the statements they have made, regarding their ethical responsibility. A report called the ‘Other Side of Apple’ by the Friends of nature, the IPE and green Beagle (2011) found that â €Å"it was discovered that Lian Jian Technology had environmental violations, as they â€Å"did not carry out the appropriate measures which resulted in hazardous waste material run off. They also had not filled out the hazardous waste transfer manifest documentation.† [6] From this we can evidently assume that Apple have minimal interest in changing practices to make them more environmentally friendly, they’d rather pay heavy fines. As changing practices would be costly and may affect the annual profits of Apples displeasing the Shareholders. This indicates that social responsibility is only implemented for the interest of Apple. Similarly according to a report from the China Labour watch show cased many ethical issues involving employees throughout all three factories, issues such as; an immense number of underage workers were discovered and of which did not receive any exceptional protection/treatment in comparison to workers of age. They were made to work within t he same conditions and hours of employees of legal age. Additionally all workers were made to sign documents to falsify the hours that they do, therefore breaking employment regulations. However overseas employment is greatly important to many less economically developed countries, Apple provides an income for their employees, as well as giving them opportunities to learn new skills, and increasing their life satisfaction. A Case Study involving Man Power to recruit a workforce force from the Monga-hit region of Rangpur, supports this as â€Å"the government assigned a quota to send 18000 poor people from the Monga-hit region comprising greater Rangpur to overseas countries with job.† [7] As well as offering â€Å"loans to poor youths of the Monga-hit region consisting of greater Rangpur for overseas employment.† [8] This shows the importance of companies being overseas, as governments of these less developed countries heavily encourage inward investment, as it benefits them in many ways; as the government gain more taxation to improve public services, as well as less dependency on them for income. Shareholders will also benefit as wages are much lower overseas, therefore increased profits could be made, increasing dividends. To conclude Apples performance towards its promises to alter social issues, have been extremely poor. As evidence through investigations by the Chinese Labour Watch and a report from the Friends of nature, IPE and Green Beagle all have identified many issues involving numerous Stakeholders, including: employees, environment and its suppliers, where all parties were suffering from the production of Apple products. However on the other hand these factories do play an important role economically to the countries. As they provide employment to very low-skilled people, and most likely pay better wages than competitors. As well, governments promote inward investment into countries like these, as they financially aid the country through additional taxes, as well as a reduction in the unemployed, therefore less dependence on the government for survival. This view is supported by the Case Study on Manpower. Overall for Apple to be socially responsible they do need to address ethical issues th at have been mentioned, as eventually them only providing the advantage and employment to a country won’t be enough. In the future more damage could be made environmentally, costing the government large amounts of money. Part C: This part is to outline why companies might possibly report on environmental responsibility, it is argued many only report on these issues for business case reasons. Furthermore an analysis on what is meant by the term business case will be made, through the use of differing definitions from a range of sources. Applying apple to principles to help understand why companies report on environmental issues and what impact business case reasons has on a company, this will give a greater understanding of the importance of business case, as it will give more personalised answers as Apple may have a differing situation/position to other companies. Also using an existing company to show proposed changes, will lead to a sustainable planet. Finally there will be an explanation on what is understood by the term â€Å"Greenwash†, using multiple references and also demonstrating how it distresses particular Stakeholders. Companies that do things to reflect environmental responsibility but however only do them to in fact increase profitability, sales and even reduce waste to only reduce unit price of products, are only doing these things for business case reasons. Whereas if companies actually take a moral responsibility to environmental practices i.e. reduce their carbon emissions, they are doing this for ethical reasons instead of business case reasons. Therefore business case reasons highlight that companies only demonstrate an environmental policy to maintain a good reputation, however the practices they change/implement is done only to benefit themselves. However according to a report â€Å"beyond the business case† by Thomas Dyllick and Kai Hockerts they state â€Å"A single-minded focus on economic sustainability can succeed in the short run; however, in the long run sustainability requires all three dimensions to be satisfied simultaneously.† [9] This statement suggests those bus inesses that only concentrate on business case issues, intending to make changes to gain economic advantages; this will not benefit them in the long run. As mentioned they need to focus on all three dimensions which include; economic, ecological and social aspects. Therefore, for a business to be a success they need to take into account environmental and social issues. This statement links to Apple as evidence suggests that Apple heavily focuses on economic issues, however neglecting ecological and social issues, which affects a vast majority of Stakeholders, and the reputation of the business. A report called the ‘Other Side of Apple’ by the Friends of nature, the IPE and green Beagle (2011) identified many environmental issues within the company which affected many internal Stakeholders. For example in the Lain Jian factory they used an alcohol based solution to clean screens and other parts within the construction of their products. However Apple changed its process â€Å"In August, 2008, however, W (Suzhou) suddenly began requiring its employees to replace the alcohol-based cleaner with n-hexane. When interviewed, workers at the factory stated that n-hexane evaporated much more quickly than the alcohol-based cleaner, thereby i ncreasing their efficiency rate.† [10] But controversially Apple didn’t recognise the dangers of this solution, by not reporting the change to the authorities this violated China‘s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases. Not only this, it affected the health of many employees in the company, as it is a poison it left many sick, as the chemical can cause unresponsiveness of limbs. â€Å"Many of the employees at Lian Jian Technology have been falling sick†, â€Å"According to hospital tests and the doctors ‘diagnosis, these employees ‘upper and lower peripheral nerves had been damaged† [11] This clearly shows major environmental and social issues in Apple, and how the importance of increased efficiency was more important, than ensuring the safety of its employees. A lot of employees form this incident decided to leave the company, as it was unsafe for them to work there. They received little compensation, and many of employees had to leave as they were given no other option, leaving them unemployed again and vulnerable as their skill set is minimal. Therefore Apples business case, really need altering as this undoubtedly demonstrates the importance of having all three dimensions (economical, ecological and social) as mentioned in the report â€Å"beyond the business case†. Greenwashing is a tool which a lot of major companies use to make them appear that they take responsibility for environmental issues, but in real terms they don’t; they only publish what they do to enhance their business reputation and brand image, which could possibly increase profitability and sales. It’s only done for self-interests. This is supported by a view from greenwashingindex.com as they state â€Å"It’s greenwashing when a company or organization spends more time and money claiming to be â€Å"green† through advertising and marketing than actually implementing business practices that minimize environmental impact. It’s whitewashing, but with a green brush.† [12] Overall from the evidence gathered about business case reasons, which are now known as actions that only benefit the company i.e. increased profits? Are a big tool used in companies, however this continuous approach to only look at economic advantages does not benefit companies in the long-run. As from the report ‘Other Side of Apple’ by the Friends of nature, the IPE and green Beagle, showed how they only focused on economic benefits through replacing a cleaning solution, which increased efficiency, however it led to huge pay-outs and loss of many employees, meaning large costs and a tattered reputation. This highlights that the view of needing to concentrate on all 3 dimensions, by Thomas Dyllick and Kai Hockerts is grossly important. This leads to the view of Greenwashing, many companies use this tool to appear environmentally involved, but only for self-interests, such as increased brand image and reputation, as well as the possibility of more sales. To conclude comp anies to succeed in the future need to really take on board the importance of environmental and social issues for them to be a success. As these responsibilities are becoming more important to consumers, and other Stakeholders in this day and age. References: D. Crowther, Social and Environmental Accounting (London: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 20. Carol A. Tilt. (2008). Corporate Responsibility, Accounting. Available: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CDAQFjABurl=http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783642026294-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-. Last accessed 25th February 2014. China Labour Watch. (July 29, 2013). Apples un-kept promises: Cheap iPhones come at high costs to Chinese workers. Available: http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/pdf/apple_s_unkept_promises.pdf. Last accessed 22nd February 2014. Hilmar Schmundt and Bernhard Zand. (July 29, 2013). Undercover Report: Apple Faces Fresh Criticism of Factories. Available: http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/labor-violations-rife-at-apple-manufacturing-partners-in-china-a-913652.html. Last accessed 25th February 2014. Apple. (2012). Apple Supplier Progress Report 2012. Available: http://images.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/pdf/Apple_SR_2012_Progress_Report.pdf. Last accessed 24th February 2014. Friends of Nature, IPE, Green Beagle. (2011). The Other Side of Apple. Available: http://www.ipe.org.cn/Upload/Report-IT-V-Apple-I-EN.pdf. Last accessed 27th February 2014. The Financial Express. (2010). Call to restore overseas employment opportunity for Monga-hit poor. Available: http://search.proquest.com/abiglobal/docview/615328153/3EEA779477A241BCPQ/2?accountid=10472. Last accessed 26th February 2014. Thomas Dyllick and Kai Hockerts. (2002). Beyond the business case for cooperate sustainability. Available: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CDUQFjABurl=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/36386947_Beyond_the_Business_Case_for_Corporate_Sustainability/fi. Last accessed 26th February 2014. [1] D. Crowther, Social and Environmental Accounting (London: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 20. [2] http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CDAQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642026294-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-811809-p173912904ei=oUcBU7_hC-H17Aak8IGwCwusg=AFQjCNEdu9SuaBK8pz77C14bqGV6TQOy5gbvm=bv.61535280,d.ZGU [3] http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/pdf/apple_s_unkept_promises.pdf [4] http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/labor-violations-rife-at-apple-manufacturing-partners-in-china-a-913652.html [5] http://images.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/pdf/Apple_SR_2012_Progress_Report.pdf [6] http://www.ipe.org.cn/Upload/Report-IT-V-Apple-I-EN.pdf [7] http://search.proquest.com/abiglobal/docview/615328153/3EEA779477A241BCPQ/2?accountid=10472 [8] http://search.proquest.com/abiglobal/docview/615328153/3EEA779477A241BCPQ/2?accountid=10472 [9] http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CDUQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F36386947_Beyond_the_Business_Case_for_Corporate_Sustainability%2Ffi. [10] http://www.ipe.org.cn/Upload/Report-IT-V-Apple-I-EN.pdf [11] http://www.ipe.org.cn/Upload/Report-IT-V-Apple-I-EN.pdf [12] http://www.greenwashingindex.com/about-greenwashing

Criminal Activity in the Turkish/Greek/Italian Economy and Government E

Criminal Activity in the Turkish/Greek/Italian Economy and Government Efforts to Combat It Terrorism once was a threat associated primarily with the Middle East, and was not an issue for Americans and citizens of other well developed, seemingly safe nations. This faà »ze was shattered on September 11, 2001 when New York City, USA was viciously attacked. Terrorism skyrocketed to the forefront of every newspaper and magazine throughout the world; suddenly, terrorism was a reality for those who had thought they were untouchable. Interestingly, terrorists are associated with more crimes than just their bombings, bio-weapons, and intimidation. For example, Afghanistan, while under Taliban control, produced 70 % of the world's illicit opium. The revenues from this illegal drug sale allowed the Taliban to support and protect Osama bin Laden and the al Qaeda organization[i]. The same is true for many other terrorist organizations throughout the world: Pablo Escobar was one of the most feared men in the world as the leader of the Medellin cocaine cartel in Colombia. He actual ly used the drug money to run for congress in Colombia and promote his political agenda[ii]. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) Drug Intelligence Brief in September of 2002, drug trafficking is the most profitable sources of funding for terrorist groups. Many countries participate in the drug trade, not by direct production of the substances, but as gateway routes from production site, to place of sale. Greece is an example of this. Although cannabis is the only illicit drug produced in Greece, and even then in small amounts, Greek authorities report that the use of drugs such as heroin is increasing.? Because of its European Uni... ...web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=de0e4e616baa3edeb0ff76f3c3c09e83... [xx] Turkish parliament set to debate high-profile corruption report, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=de0e4e616baa3edeb0ff76f3c3c09e83... [xxi] Bin Laden?s right hand man ?instructed? Istanbul bombers, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://pda.ananova.net/news/story/sm_843556.html?menu=news [xxii] HR violations and globalization: human trafficking, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://web.lexis-nexis.com/uiniverse/document?_m=1db322a792b6aee2e9c24afdd475ef5a... [xxiii] HR violations and globalization: human trafficking, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://web.lexis-nexis.com/uiniverse/document?_m=1db322a792b6aee2e9c24afdd475ef5a... Criminal Activity in the Turkish/Greek/Italian Economy and Government E Criminal Activity in the Turkish/Greek/Italian Economy and Government Efforts to Combat It Terrorism once was a threat associated primarily with the Middle East, and was not an issue for Americans and citizens of other well developed, seemingly safe nations. This faà »ze was shattered on September 11, 2001 when New York City, USA was viciously attacked. Terrorism skyrocketed to the forefront of every newspaper and magazine throughout the world; suddenly, terrorism was a reality for those who had thought they were untouchable. Interestingly, terrorists are associated with more crimes than just their bombings, bio-weapons, and intimidation. For example, Afghanistan, while under Taliban control, produced 70 % of the world's illicit opium. The revenues from this illegal drug sale allowed the Taliban to support and protect Osama bin Laden and the al Qaeda organization[i]. The same is true for many other terrorist organizations throughout the world: Pablo Escobar was one of the most feared men in the world as the leader of the Medellin cocaine cartel in Colombia. He actual ly used the drug money to run for congress in Colombia and promote his political agenda[ii]. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) Drug Intelligence Brief in September of 2002, drug trafficking is the most profitable sources of funding for terrorist groups. Many countries participate in the drug trade, not by direct production of the substances, but as gateway routes from production site, to place of sale. Greece is an example of this. Although cannabis is the only illicit drug produced in Greece, and even then in small amounts, Greek authorities report that the use of drugs such as heroin is increasing.? Because of its European Uni... ...web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=de0e4e616baa3edeb0ff76f3c3c09e83... [xx] Turkish parliament set to debate high-profile corruption report, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=de0e4e616baa3edeb0ff76f3c3c09e83... [xxi] Bin Laden?s right hand man ?instructed? Istanbul bombers, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://pda.ananova.net/news/story/sm_843556.html?menu=news [xxii] HR violations and globalization: human trafficking, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://web.lexis-nexis.com/uiniverse/document?_m=1db322a792b6aee2e9c24afdd475ef5a... [xxiii] HR violations and globalization: human trafficking, retrieved from the World Wide Web 14 December 2003 from http://web.lexis-nexis.com/uiniverse/document?_m=1db322a792b6aee2e9c24afdd475ef5a...

Psychotic, childhood, and cognitive disorders Essay

Many disorders are said to form in the stages of childhood or are in some way are bound to an individual by genetics. Some may just gradually appear or grow more intense over a period of time. No matter the disorder, it can make a person’s life a challenging one. The disorders that will be discussed below are psychotic disorders, childhood disorders, and cognitive disorders and how they affect an individual’s life. Psychotic disorders Psychosis is a symptom that causes an individual to be out of touch with reality. An individual may experience hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia is a disorder that fits into this category. The characteristics of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought or speech, bizarre behavior, decrease in speech, emotional flattening, lack of motivation, and lack of pleasure. It has five subtypes known as paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, residual schizophrenia, and undifferentiated schizophrenia. The biological components look at the distal and proximal causes. According to Hansell & Damour (2008), The proximal causes of the symptoms involve various abnormalities in brain function, brain structure, and neuropsychological/neurophysiological status that may cause schizophrenic symptoms (though it is also possible that some of them are effects, not causes, of schizophrenia). The distal causes are what help to answer the questions to what the causes of schizophrenia may be. The cognitive components focus on the deficits in reasoning and the role that attention has. Interventions address those deficits to help treat schizophrenia. The sociocultural perspective focuses on institutional and large social forces that may have been the cause of the disorder. The family systems perspective suggests that the family has much do with causing schizophrenia. The hypothesis that family environments are pathological, give theorists something to focus on in family therapy. Freud believed that schizophrenia was biologically based. His idea was that psychotherapy would not help schizophrenia since he believed the individual was trying to connect with the outside world. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann used psychotherapy to successfully treat a patient. She believed schizophrenia was caused by an overbearing mother who was too demanding and cold shouldered. Childhood disorders There are many disorders in this category. The complete list includes: mental retardation, learning disorders, motor skills disorder, communication disorders, persuasive developmental disorders, ADD behavior disorder (Attention deficit and disruptive), eating and feeding disorders of infancy and early childhood, tic disorders, elimination disorders, and the category of other disorders. There are five prominent disorders that are considered by the DSM-IV-TR as childhood disorders: Mental retardation, separation anxiety disorder, ADD disorders, persuasive developmental disorders, and learning disorders. Mental retardation is a disorder present at birth. It impairs adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning. This includes Down syndrome, fragile x syndrome, tay-sachs disease, phenylketonuria, fetal alchohol syndrome, and shaken baby syndrome. Separation anxiety disorder happens when excessive anxiety appears as a result of separation from home or parents/guardians. ADD, also known as attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorder, includes three different types of diagnosis’s: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). ADHD includes characteristics of impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention. ODD includes characteristics of hostility, negativity, and defiant behavior along with the combination of other symptoms that include: temper loss, argumentative, defies rules and does not comply, deliberately annoying, blames others for misbehavior and mistakes, reactive or touchy, resentful, angry, vindictive, and spiteful. CD has characteristics of property destruction, theft, deceitfulness, aggression toward animals and people, and serious violation of any rules. A persuasive developmental disorder is characterized by persistent and profound impairment of functioning. Normal communication and social skills are not developed. Autism is the most common disorder diagnosed in this category as well as aspergers disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and rett’s disorder. Autism consists of impaired communication, social interaction, and repetitive patterns of activities, interests, and behaviors. Asberger’s disorder consists of superior and cognitive language skills. They share some of the same aspects of autism yet focus more on specific objects or things. Children with childhood disintegrative disorder develop normally until the age of two. Then they suddenly lose motor skills, language ability, and social skills and start to develop many of the characteristics of autism. Rett’s disorder occurs after two years of age as well and shares many autism characteristics. This disorder only develops in girls. Characteristics include slow head growth, loss of physical coordination, motor skills, and social skills. Learning disorders impair all of the areas of cognitive functioning as well as trouble with certain academic skills. This category includes disorders such as dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and dyslexia. All of these disorders cause problems within a learning environment and interferes with daily living activities. Cognitive Disorders A cognitive disorder is characterized by a change in functioning caused by disturbance in thinking. There are three main disorders in this category: amnesia, dementia, and delirium. Dementia and delirium typically occur in elderly adults. The characteristics of delirium include difficulty focusing, attention shifting, language problems, disorientation, and memory loss that appear within a couple of hours and may last for days. The characteristics of dementia are memory impairment and cognitive deficits along with at least one of the following: apraxia, aphasia, executive functioning disturbances, or agnosia. It is permanent and gradually declines cognitive functioning. Individuals with amnesia have trouble developing memory and the inability to recall memories. It can either be chronic or transient, depending on the type of amnesia. Organic amnesia is a result of a viral infection, substance abuse, or physical trauma caused to the brain. Other types of amnesia may involve brain damage that is lasting or pervasive. Conclusion Developing a disorder can be difficult. Obtaining the right treatment and help can be beneficial the individuals life. Psychotic disorders are on a different level than the rest of the disorders described above. They require medication and possibly hospitalization since there is yet to be a cure. Childhood disorders can be managed with the correct medication and family therapy sessions. Cognitive disorders may require medication, depending on the severity as well as deep brain stimulation, surgery, or therapy to help with memory. Currently there is no cure for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, only a help of prolonging the effects.

Free Essays on Guy Harver

â€Å"CHUMS† The art gallery where I found this painting is located in d’Iberville Mississippi. It is named the Smart Art gallery. It is very easy to find coming from I-110 N. Once you exit the interstate, take the right until you come to the first light. Then turn left onto Central Ave. The Gallery is located in the second shopping center on the right. I visited this gallery after finding the George E. Ohr museum was in between its â€Å"Riverwalk† and â€Å"Red, White and Blues† display, and the only featured artist that I seemed to have like was George Ohr. So, that is when I found this pleasant picture of these â€Å"CHUMS† at this d’Iberville gallery. The Artist of this painting is Guy Harvey, who is much more than just an artist. He is a scientist, diver, angler, adventurer, and family man. Inspire at an early age by the sea around him, Guy Harvey enjoyed many hours fishing and diving from his father’s canoe in his native Caribbean home of Jamaica. From his early inspirations, Guy’s natural gift to recreate marine life has propelled him from a Professor of Marine Biology to a full time marine wildlife artist. His constant curiosity about the sea and its occupants keep Guy busily experimenting with new ways to recreate his subject. Guy Travels the world in search of new inspiration, his dedication to his career is extraordinary. However, his family is the first and foremost consideration in juggling increased demand on his time. As a result, there is a new generation of Harverys demonstrating the same love and concern of the sea that was ingrained in their father years ago. Guy’s studio is in Kingston, Jamaica where he lives with his wife, Gillian, and their two children, Jessica and Alexander. I chose the â€Å"CHUMS† picture because I like to fish for and eat red fish and specks. Guy Harvey displayed these two fish and the one crab in their environment, and the detail of the fish caught... Free Essays on Guy Harver Free Essays on Guy Harver â€Å"CHUMS† The art gallery where I found this painting is located in d’Iberville Mississippi. It is named the Smart Art gallery. It is very easy to find coming from I-110 N. Once you exit the interstate, take the right until you come to the first light. Then turn left onto Central Ave. The Gallery is located in the second shopping center on the right. I visited this gallery after finding the George E. Ohr museum was in between its â€Å"Riverwalk† and â€Å"Red, White and Blues† display, and the only featured artist that I seemed to have like was George Ohr. So, that is when I found this pleasant picture of these â€Å"CHUMS† at this d’Iberville gallery. The Artist of this painting is Guy Harvey, who is much more than just an artist. He is a scientist, diver, angler, adventurer, and family man. Inspire at an early age by the sea around him, Guy Harvey enjoyed many hours fishing and diving from his father’s canoe in his native Caribbean home of Jamaica. From his early inspirations, Guy’s natural gift to recreate marine life has propelled him from a Professor of Marine Biology to a full time marine wildlife artist. His constant curiosity about the sea and its occupants keep Guy busily experimenting with new ways to recreate his subject. Guy Travels the world in search of new inspiration, his dedication to his career is extraordinary. However, his family is the first and foremost consideration in juggling increased demand on his time. As a result, there is a new generation of Harverys demonstrating the same love and concern of the sea that was ingrained in their father years ago. Guy’s studio is in Kingston, Jamaica where he lives with his wife, Gillian, and their two children, Jessica and Alexander. I chose the â€Å"CHUMS† picture because I like to fish for and eat red fish and specks. Guy Harvey displayed these two fish and the one crab in their environment, and the detail of the fish caught...

Free Essays on Do You Want To Play At Questions

Do you want to play at questions? Rosencrants and Guildenstern Play Critique Do you want to play Questions? Tom Stoppard's, ?Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead? was directed and produced by Michael Robertson, in a two act show performed at the Whitney Fine Arts Theatre on Loring Park. Colored and patterned with existentialism and feelings of absurdity, the two main characters Rosencrantz (played by Michael Snyder) and Guildenstern (played by Kyle Bowe) emerge and encounter a world where their meaning is arbitrary and where they become victims of seemingly random circumstances they neither proscribe nor control. The set (tastefully created by Rick Polenek) was simple, abstract, and somewhat bare. There were many levels, a center raised disk, (which is where the excerpts from Hamlet?s court [Colin Healy, Katrin Bachmeier, Mathew Falk, Jane Davich, and Jack Fits] within the play were enacted) and an Elizabethan mood which left a great deal of leeway for the lighting designer (operated by Jocelyn Shackelford) to be creative. The raised disk created a sense of d istance between the stage for the court, and Roz and Guil- Here, they find themselves in an ?un-, sub, or supernatural world? where they are forced to adopt a role or embrace a fate which has been sealed by another author (Shakespeare). Shackelford took advantage of this opportunity and brought is some gobo lighting such as a window shadow in the background of the court scenes. Dustin Smith played classical guitar during the performance which added a delightful element and tone to the production. With many references to Becket, this existential/theatre of absurd... ?thrives to express its sense of senselessness of the human condition and the inadequacy of the rational approach by the open abandonment of rational devices and discursive thought.? -Stoppard. ?Do you want to play questions? is one of the most memorable scenes from the show. During this dialogue, Roz and Guil run o... Free Essays on Do You Want To Play At Questions Free Essays on Do You Want To Play At Questions Do you want to play at questions? Rosencrants and Guildenstern Play Critique Do you want to play Questions? Tom Stoppard's, ?Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead? was directed and produced by Michael Robertson, in a two act show performed at the Whitney Fine Arts Theatre on Loring Park. Colored and patterned with existentialism and feelings of absurdity, the two main characters Rosencrantz (played by Michael Snyder) and Guildenstern (played by Kyle Bowe) emerge and encounter a world where their meaning is arbitrary and where they become victims of seemingly random circumstances they neither proscribe nor control. The set (tastefully created by Rick Polenek) was simple, abstract, and somewhat bare. There were many levels, a center raised disk, (which is where the excerpts from Hamlet?s court [Colin Healy, Katrin Bachmeier, Mathew Falk, Jane Davich, and Jack Fits] within the play were enacted) and an Elizabethan mood which left a great deal of leeway for the lighting designer (operated by Jocelyn Shackelford) to be creative. The raised disk created a sense of d istance between the stage for the court, and Roz and Guil- Here, they find themselves in an ?un-, sub, or supernatural world? where they are forced to adopt a role or embrace a fate which has been sealed by another author (Shakespeare). Shackelford took advantage of this opportunity and brought is some gobo lighting such as a window shadow in the background of the court scenes. Dustin Smith played classical guitar during the performance which added a delightful element and tone to the production. With many references to Becket, this existential/theatre of absurd... ?thrives to express its sense of senselessness of the human condition and the inadequacy of the rational approach by the open abandonment of rational devices and discursive thought.? -Stoppard. ?Do you want to play questions? is one of the most memorable scenes from the show. During this dialogue, Roz and Guil run o...

Reflective paper on selt- esteem (Social Psychology) Essay

Reflective paper on selt- esteem (Social Psychology) - Essay Example One has to continuously learn and ponder through the thick and thins of life and adjust one self accordingly so as to understand his or her limitations with respect to those very changes and phases of life. Self-awareness is a unique facet of a man’s life and must therefore be considered whenever some major action is being undertaken in life, or for that matter even a minor one. Self esteem has also got a pivotal role in chalking out one’s usage of his or her emotions in crunch and difficult situations as well as the reactions that are involved in the aftermath of some big tragedy that might take place in a person’s life from time to time. The same could be equally true for his or her attaining success in an arena of life, which are also there along with the moments of grief and sorrow. A childs level of self esteem literally impacts every area of his or her life which for that matter might include health, his or her ability to learn, execute different behaviors as well as understand the importance of having jointed relationships, not only with the family members but also with friends and acquaintances. Children and young people who have a high level of self-esteem and self-confidence respond well to others and are surely at a benefit in every field of life, whether it is concerned with the family or cohort relationships like school, sports or organizational activities. Children with a high level of self-esteem are also more likely to lead happy and creative lives whereby they develop a positive attitude as well as an innate drive for self-confidence that will eventually guarantee them the success they desire for in their personal lives as well as in their upcoming careers. If, for instance there is a child having a clear learning difference gets encouragement that is added with a high level of self-esteem, he will in his coming years not only have the courage to stand moments of frustration but also have more patience as

Language development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Language development - Essay Example In all of these aspects of language acquisition, language imbalance should be considered when gauging the extent and ability of child in the process of learning a second language. Language imbalance is brought about by a conflict between two or more languages that a child is exposed to in the development process (Hoff, 2009). Influences on vocabulary are characterized by a myriad of factors in a child’s life both at school and at home. Vocabulary development is influenced by language socialization that takes two general styles of child-rising that are child-centered and situation centered. In child centered approach, adults use two strategies of self-lowering through baby talk and child rising by interpreting unintelligible gibberish(Barrett, 1999). The situation-centered approach does not require adults to simplify their language, but children are expected to learn, understand and produce adult like speech mannerism. The culture surrounding a child has a significant influence on the development of language in a child because it influences the development of their identity. Cultural influencers, in society, determine the personality and identity that a child forges for self in line with what the societal norms dictate (Barrett, 1999). Young English language learners should be encouraged by their educators, caregivers and parents to achieve a more rounded language development process. Teachers need to be good models of language use and encourage learners to interact with other children as much as possible (Hoff, 2009). This is aimed at reinforcing their vocabulary repertoire. Second language learners can be exposed to meaningful learning activities that encourage them to practice their new language